- Reverse Osmosis (RO)
- Membrane process that removes dissolved salts and other contaminants under pressure.
- Ultrafiltration (UF)
- Membrane filtration that removes suspended solids, colloids and many microorganisms, often used ahead of RO.
- Multimedia Filtration
- Layered media beds that remove suspended solids and turbidity.
- Activated Carbon Filtration
- Adsorption that reduces chlorine, organic compounds, colour and odour.
- Water Softening
- Ion-exchange treatment that removes hardness to protect equipment from scaling.
- Demineralization (DM)
- Ion-exchange removal of dissolved minerals to produce low-conductivity water.
- Clarification
- Settling, often with coagulants, to remove suspended solids before filtration.
- Chemical Dosing
- Controlled addition of chemicals for pH correction, coagulation, disinfection or scale control.
- Biological Treatment
- Microorganism-based removal of organic pollutants from sewage and organic industrial effluent.
- Membrane Treatment
- Membrane-based separation used in purification, recycling and concentrate reduction.
- Sewage Treatment
- Biological, filtration and disinfection steps combined for domestic and commercial wastewater.
- Effluent Treatment
- Staged treatment of industrial wastewater to reduce contaminants before discharge or reuse.
- Water Recycling
- Treatment of used water to a quality that suits reuse in the same or another application.
- Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD)
- An approach combining treatment, recovery and concentrate management to avoid liquid discharge.